Risks and Threats to Critical Infrastructure with Reference to Trends in the Protection of Critical Infrastructure in the Republic of Serbia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18485/fb_ijcss.2025.1.2.15Keywords:
critical infrastructure, risks, threats, Republic of Serbia, normative-legal frameworkAbstract
Critical infrastructure consists of facilities, resources, and systems that are of vital importance for the functioning of a country’s society and economy. Its importance is reflected both in regular and emergencies. Risks and threats are becoming increasingly frequent. In addition to their growing number, their destructive potential is also on the rise. A characteristic of the modern concept of critical infrastructure is the altered perception of risks and threats, as well as the increased interdependence between infrastructural elements. This influences the growing scope, content, and complexity of critical infrastructure, while potential threats pose a primary concern for national security. The forms of endangerment to critical infrastructure in this paper are divided into natural, external, and internal. The Republic of Serbia has undertaken the identification, determination, and protection of critical infrastructure. Like developed countries in this field, it is making efforts to address shortcomings in the normative and organizational framework. By adopting laws, bylaws, and appropriate strategies, a normative foundation has been established to support further development of the critical infrastructure protection system. The security and protection of critical infrastructure in the Republic of Serbia are conditioned by the relationship between threats and challenges, as well as by the ability to respond to them. In the final part of the paper, the normative and legal framework for critical infrastructure in the Republic of Serbia is analyzed, along with recommendations to improve the current state of protection.
Downloads
References
1. Aktar, M. A., Shohani, K., Hasan, M. N., & Hasan, M. K. (2021). Flood vulnerability assessment by flood vulnerability index (FVI) method: a study on Sirajganj Sadar Upazila. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 3(1), 1-14.
2. Barney, D. (2019). Beyond carbon democracy: Energy, infrastructure, and sabotage. Energy culture: Art and theory on oil and beyond, 214-228.
3. Biringer E. B., Vugrin D. E., Warren E. D.: Critical Infrastructure System Security and Resiliency, Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
4. Cvetković, V. & Mijalković, S. (2013). Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Geophysical Disasters. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić’’ 63/3, 345-360, SASA: Special issue: International Conference Natural Hazards Links Between Science and Practice.
5. Cvetković, V. (2013). Interventno-spasilačke službe u vanrednim situacijama. Beograd. Zadužbina Andrejević
6. Cvetković, V. (2014). Zaštita kritične infrastrukture od posledica prirodnih katastrofa. In Sedma međunarodna znastveno-stručna konferencija,, Dani kriznog upravljanja;. Hrvatska: Velika Gorica (Vol. 22, pp. 1281-1295).
7. Cvetković, V. (2020). Upravljanje rizicima u vanrednim situacijama. Beograd. Naučno-stručno društvo za upravljanje rizicima u vanrednim situacijama.
8. Cvetković, V. (2022). Taktika zaštite i spasavanja u katastrofama. Beograd. Naučno-stručno društvo za upravljanje rizicima u vanrednim situacijama.
9. Cvetković, V. (2023). Otpornost na katastrofe: vodič za prevenciju, reagovanje i oporavak. Beograd. Naučno-stručno društvo zaupravljanje rizicima u vanrednim situacijama.
10. Cvetković, V., & Stojković, D. (2015). Knowledge and perceptions of secondary school students in Kraljevo on natural disasters.Ecologica, 22(77), 42-48.
11. Cvetkovic, V., & Martinović, J. (2020). Innovative solutions for flood risk management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 2(2), 71-100.
12. Cvetković, V., & Planić, J. (2022). Earthquake risk perception inBelgrade: implications for disaster risk management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 4(1), 69-88.
13. Cvetković, V., Flipović, M. (2017). Pripremljenost za reagovanjena rizike od prirodnih katastrofa. Zadužbina Andrejević.
14. Cvetković, V., Milojković, B., Stojković, D. (2014). Analiza geoprostorne i vremenske distribucije zemljotresa kao prirodnih katatrofa. Vojno delo, 66(2), 166-185.
15. Degg, M. (1992). Natural disasters: recent trends and prospects. Geography, 77(3), 198-209.
16. ISDR, UN. (2009). UNISDR terminology on disaster risk reduction. Geneva.
17. Jakovljević, V. (2010). Resursi kritične infrastrukture i njihov značaj za upravljanje vanrednim situacijama. Godišnjak Fakulteta bzebednosti, 63-81.
18. Jakovljević, V., & Gačić, J. (2012). Zaštita kritične infrastrukture u kriznim situacijama. In Zbornik radova= Proceedings/Međunarodna naučna konferencija Menadžment 2012, Mladenovac, 20-11. april 2012= International Scientific Conference Management 2012. Mladenovac: Fakultet za industrijski menadžment, ICIM plus-Izdavački centar za industrijski menadžment plus.
19. Janković, L., Cvetković, V. M., Gačić, J., Renner, R., & Jakovljević, V. (2025). Integrating Psychosocial Support into Emergency and Disaster Management, and Public Safety: The Role of the Red Cross of Serbia.
20. John, D. K. S., Mohammed, H. A., Diana, M., & Ajayi, E. O. (2025). Security of Information Resources in Federal College of Education Libraries in Northwest Nigeria. International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies, 1(1), 85-98.
21. Karabacak, B., & Tatar, Ü. (2014). Strategies to Counter Cyberattacks: Cyberthreats and Critical Infrastructure Protection. Critical Infrastructure Protection, 116, 63.
22. Kaur, B. (2020). Disasters and exemplified vulnerabilities in a cramped Public Health Infrastructure in India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 2(1), 15-22.
23. Komazec, N. (2023). Kritična infrastruktura u kontekstu održivog razvoja: izazovi i perspektive. Zbornik radova naučno-stručne konferencije, 21.
24. Korajlić, N., & Marjanović, M. (2022). Uticaj prirodnih katastrofa na funkcionisanje kritične infrastrukture. Zbornik radova naučno-stručne konferencije, 181.
25. Košanin, V. (2018). Kritična transportna infrastruktura i krizni menadžment. Zbornik radova Fakulteta tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu.
26. Krstić, M. (2016). Izazov definisanja savremenog terorizma. U: Vojno delo 3/2016. Beograd.
27. Kumiko, F. & Shaw, R. (2019). Preparing an international joint project: Use of Japanese flood hazard map in Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 1(1), 62-80
28. Lewis, T. (2006). Infrastructure Protection in Homeland Security, Defending a Networked Nation, Wiley Interscience.
29. Lukas, L., & Hromada, M. (2011). Resilience as main part of protection of critical infrastructure. International journal of mathematical models and methods in applied sciences, 5(6), 1135–1142.
30. Mančić, T. (2025). Climate Change as a Security Challenge, Risk and Threat of the 21st Century and Its Consequences on Critical Infrastructure. International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies, 1(1), 191-204.
31. Metodologija izrade i sadržaj procene rizika od katastrofa i plana zaštite i spasavanja, Službeni glasnik broj 80/2019.
32. Mićović, M. D. (2016). Bezbednosni aspekti funkcionisanja kritične infrastrukture u vanrednim situacijama (Doktorska disertacija, Univerzitet u Beogradu-Fakultet bezbednosti).
33. Mićović, M. D. (2020). Specifičnosti kritične infrastrukture u Republici Srbiji. Beograd. Kriminalističko-policijski univerzitet.
34. Milenkovic, D. (2025). Theoretical, Institutional and Organizational Aspects of the Integrated Disaster Risk Reduction System: Towards a Deeper Understanding of Disaster Resilience in Serbia. International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies, 1(1), 175-190.
35. Miletić, S. (2023). Značaj funkcionisanja i zaštite kritične infrastrukture u vanrednim situacjama. Master rad. Univerzitet u Beogradu Fakultet bezbednosti.
36. Mladenović, M., & Komazec, N. (2022). Normativni okvir kritične infrastrukture u Republici Srbiji. Zbornik radova: Naučno-stručne konferencije ,,Diskurs o kritičnoj infrastrukturi“.
37. Ninković, V. M. (2024). Otpornost kritične infrastrukture na nerutinske rizike (Doctoral dissertation, University of Belgrade (Serbia).
38. Ocal, A. (2019). Natural Disasters in Turkey: Social and Economic Perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 1(1), 51-61.
39. Onuma, H., Shin, K. J., & Managi, S. (2017). Household prepa-redness for natural disasters: Impact of disaster experience andimplications for future disaster risks in Japan. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 21, 148-158.
40. Parker, D., Islam, N., & Weng Chan, N. (1997). Reducing vulnerability flolowing flood disadters: issues and practices. In Reconstruction after disaster: Issues and practices (pp. 23-24). Ashgate Publishing.
41. Perić, J., & Cvetković, V. (2019). Demographic, socio-economic and phycological perspective of risk perception from disasters caused by floods: case study Belgrade. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 1(2), 31-43.
42. Pribičević, N., Janković, K., Živković, M. (2022). Prevencija rizika od terorizma kao savremenog obilika ugrožavanja kritične infrastrukture. In naučno-stručna konferencija 8p.157.
43. Ptáček, B., & Skoruša, L.(2015). Cyber criminality.
44. Rakić, M. M. (2015). Krizni menadžment u funkciji zaštite kritičnih infrastruktura u zemljama u tranziciji. Univerzitet u Beogradu.
45. Sarriegi, M., & Hernantes, J. (2013). Resilience Framework for Critical Infrastructures, Universidad de Navarra, Donostia, San Sebastian.
46. Shaikh, S. A., Chivers, H., Nobles, P., Clark, J. A., & Chen, H. (2008). Network reconnaissance. Network Security, 2008(11), 12-16.
47. Stajić, Lj. (2015). Osnovi sistema bezbednosti – sa osnovama istraživanja bezbednosnih pojava. Novi Sad: Pravni fakultet.
48. Strategija nacionalne bezbednosti Republike Srbije, Službeni glasnik broj 94/2019.
49. Strategija odbrane Republike Srbije, Službeni glasnik broj 94/2019.
50. Trbojević, M. (2018). Zaštita kritičnih infrastruktura - iskustva tranzicionih zemalja. Beograd: Institut za političke studije.
51. Uredba o kriterijumima za identifikaciju kritične infrastrukture i načinu izveštavanja o kritičnoj infrastrukturi Republike Srbije, Službeni glasnik broj 69/2022.
52. Vidović, N., & Beriša, H. (2025). Economic Aspects of Cyber Security: Socio-Financial Consequences of Cyber Attacks. International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies, 1(1), 149-162.
53. Vlada Republike Srbije. (2014). Izveštaj o elementarnoj nepogodi – poplavi koja je zadesila Republiku Srbije i merama koje su preduzete radi spsavanja stanovništva i odbrane ugroženih mesta od poplava. Retrieved from http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/archive/files/cir/pdf/akta_procedura /2014/2220-14.pdf
54. Vračević, N. (2025). Strategic Roles of Private Military Companies: The Evolution and Privatization of Warfare in the Context of Contemporary Global Conflicts. International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies, 1(1), 163-174.
55. Zakon o javno-privatnom partnerstvu i koncesijama, Službeni glasnik broj 88/11, 15/16 i 104/16.
56. Zakon o kritičnoj infrastrukturi, Službeni glasnik broj 87/2018.
57. Zakon o smanjenu rizika od katastrofa i upravljanju u vanrednim situacijama, Službeni glasnik broj 87/2018.
58. Zubrzycki, W. (2017). The Security of the Republic of Poland’s Maritime Areas and the Polish Coast in the Context of Terrorist Attacks. Internal Security, 9, 169-187.
59. Škero, M., & Ateljević, V. (2015). "Zaštita kritične infrastrukture i osnovni elementi usklađivanja sa Direktivom Saveta Evrope 2008/114/ES." Vojno delo 67.3, 192-207.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Steva Miletic, Tamara Stojanović (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
By submitting a manuscript to the International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies, authors acknowledge and agree to the following copyright terms and conditions:
-
Author Rights and Ownership
- Authors retain the copyright to their submitted work. However, by submitting their manuscript, authors grant the International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies a non-exclusive right to publish, distribute, and archive the work in any format (print, digital, or electronic).
- Authors are free to share, reproduce, and distribute their published work, provided proper credit is given to the original publication in this journal.
-
Licensing and Open Access Policy
- The journal publishes under the [insert applicable license, e.g., Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)], which allows others to share and adapt the work with appropriate attribution.
- Authors are responsible for ensuring that their submission complies with the journal's licensing terms and does not violate any third-party rights.
-
Originality and Permissions
- The submitted work must be original and not previously published or under consideration elsewhere.
- If the manuscript includes copyrighted materials (e.g., figures, tables, excerpts), authors must obtain the necessary permissions for reproduction and provide appropriate attribution.
-
Author Warranties
- By submitting, authors confirm that their work does not infringe on any intellectual property rights, is free from plagiarism, and adheres to ethical publishing standards.
- The journal is not responsible for any legal disputes arising from copyright infringement, misrepresentation, or unauthorized use of third-party materials.
-
Editorial and Publication Rights
- The International Journal of Contemporary Security Studies reserves the right to make editorial modifications to ensure clarity, consistency, and compliance with journal standards.
- If accepted, the manuscript will be published online and made publicly available according to the journal’s open-access policy.
By proceeding with submission, authors confirm that they have read and agreed to the terms outlined in this Copyright Notice.
